Abstract Changes in the interactions between agents involved in the value chain of the palm oil sector in the municipality of Tibú (Colombia) over the period 1985-2020 have resulted in a reduction in the indices of poverty, social inequality, and unemployment for the inhabitants of the region, which can be explained by a process of socio-technical transition. The main objective of this study is to analyze the factors that determined the success of this process from a multilevel perspective. Exploratory research was developed based on a case study analysis using semi-structured interviews of commercial and non-commercial agents in the sector and information collected from secondary sources. The results show that changes in the legal and regulatory framework established by the government, landscape transformation, and the transition from small farmers to medium entrepreneurs of the farms in the region were important factors revolutionizing the system and are encouraging the emergence of new alternative practices in the palm oil sector.

Resumen Los cambios en las formas de interactuar entre los diferentes agentes involucrados en la cadena de valor del sector de la palma de aceite en el municipio de Tibú (Colombia) durante el periodo 1985-2020 han dado como resultado una reducción en los índices de pobreza, desigualdad social y desempleo para los habitantes de la región, lo cual se explica por un proceso de transición sociotécnica. El objetivo principal de este estudio es analizar desde una perspectiva multinivel los factores que determinaron el éxito de este proceso. Para lograr este propósito, se desarrolló una investigación exploratoria basada en el análisis de un estudio de caso mediante entrevistas semiestructuradas aplicadas a agentes comerciales y no comerciales del sector, y la recopilación de información de fuentes secundarias. Los resultados muestran que los cambios en el marco jurídico y normativo establecidos por el gobierno, la transformación del paisaje y la transición de pequeños propietarios a medianos empresarios agrícolas en la región, fueron factores importantes para revolucionar el régimen y fomentar la aparición de nuevas prácticas alternativas en el sector del aceite de palma.

Abstract: Mitral valve aneurysm (MVA) is a rare complication of infective endocarditis (IE), and it requires surgical intervention as soon as possible when it ruptures. Streptococcus gordonii is an extremely rare cause of IE complicated with abscesses, fistulas, aneurysms, or valve perforations. We describe a case of native valve IE complicated by a perforated MVA and aortic valve perforation caused by Streptococcus gordonii, along with a literature review. This case highlights the importance of identifying IE complications through the echocardiogram. Therefore, it is mandatory to evaluate all patients with streptococcal bloodstream infections with a high risk of IE to rule out its complications and provide prompt surgical intervention if necessary.

Resumen: El aneurisma de la válvula mitral (AVM) es una complicación rara de la endocarditis infecciosa (EI) y cuando se perfora requiere una intervención quirúrgica tan pronto como sea posible. Streptococcus gordonii es una causa extremadamente rara de EI complicada con abscesos, fístulas, aneurismas o perforaciones valvulares. Describimos un caso de endocarditis de válvula nativa complicada por una AVM perforada y perforación de válvula aórtica por Streptococcus gordonii, junto con una revisión de la literatura. Este caso destaca la importancia de identificar las complicaciones de la EI a través del ecocardiograma. Por lo tanto, es importante evaluar a todos los pacientes con bacteriemia estreptocócica con alto riesgo de EI para descartar sus complicaciones y proporcionar una intervención quirúrgica oportuna si es necesario.

Abstract The incidence of major bleeding in patients who receive thrombolytic therapy has been reported at 3.6%, with gastrointestinal bleeding the most common site followed by vascular access bleeds. The most typical cause of gastrointestinal bleeding is peptic ulcer disease. In the literature, few reports of thrombolytic therapy reveal undiagnosed colonic carcinoma. An 82-year-old man presented an acute posteroinferior myocardial infarction; he denied no gastrointestinal symptoms before hospital admission. Tenecteplase IV was administered with an improved clinical condition and an electrocardiogram showed reperfusion criteria. Approximately ten hours later, he experienced hematochezia; blood tests were relevant due to a descent of hemoglobin. A colonoscopy with biopsy revealed adenocarcinoma in the ascending colon. After stabilization, right hemicolectomy confirmed the cecum's invasive adenocarcinoma (T4aN0M0, stage IIB). The tumor was successfully removed, and chemotherapy was initiated. Thrombolytic therapy makes occult bleeding from colonic cancers obvious. Awareness of this fact may lead to earlier diagnosis of colonic cancers in asymptomatic patients and an increased likelihood of survival. Patients who develop gastrointestinal bleeding after thrombolytic therapy should receive a complete workup of the gastrointestinal tract to exclude serious but potentially curable diseases.

Abstract: The incidence of cancer patients with cardiac diseases requiring surgery is rising as the population ages, and early detection of cancer and the use of new therapies are increasing survival rates. Cardiac tumors, despite their rarity, are an integral part of the cardio-oncology practice and require diagnosis and treatment. In recent years, the incidence of cardiac tumors has risen due to advancements in multimodality imaging, which have become more accessible and widespread. The association between treated breast cancer and myxoma could be considered a mere coincidence, but a few documented cases exist. We report the case of a patient with a history of breast cancer who presented, upon follow-up, a left atrial cardiac mass on cardiovascular imaging and underwent immediate surgery. This case illustrates the importance of Cardio-Oncology Clinics during the follow-up of breast cancer survivors.

Resumen: La incidencia de pacientes con cáncer y enfermedades cardiacas que requieren cirugía aumenta a medida que la población envejece. La detección temprana del cáncer y el uso de nuevas terapias aumentan las tasas de supervivencia. Los tumores cardiacos, a pesar de su rareza, son una parte integral de la cardio-oncología, requiriendo diagnóstico y tratamiento. En los últimos años, la incidencia de tumores cardiacos ha aumentado debido a los avances en los estudios de imagen, que se han vuelto más accesibles. La asociación entre el cáncer de mama y el mixoma podría considerarse una mera coincidencia, pero hay pocos casos documentados. Presentamos el caso de una paciente con antecedente de cáncer de mama que, durante el seguimiento, presentó una masa cardiaca en la aurícula izquierda en estudios de imagen cardiovascular y, de inmediato, fue intervenida quirúrgicamente. Este caso ilustra la importancia de las Clínicas de Cardio-Oncología durante el seguimiento de las sobrevivientes de cáncer de mama.

Resumen: En la literatura se han reportado pocos casos de ausencia de la arteria coronaria. Además, es infrecuente la ausencia de la arteria coronaria derecha (CD) con oclusión total crónica (OTC) de la arteria coronaria izquierda. Presentamos el caso de un paciente mexicano con antecedentes de dolor torácico inducido por el ejercicio, en quien se confirmó, mediante angiografía coronaria, una ausencia congénita de CD con OTC. El paciente fue dado de alta asintomático y permaneció así tras el tratamiento conservador. La ausencia de arterias coronarias resulta del desarrollo embrionario anormal, con diversas manifestaciones clínicas; la mayoría de los pacientes muestran síntomas de isquemia miocárdica. Este caso ilustra la importancia de la angiografía coronaria para el diagnóstico, que se considera el estándar de oro. Sin embargo, no existen pautas de tratamiento estandarizadas; se puede utilizar una terapia conservadora o de revascularización para tratar la afección. Debido a su incidencia extremadamente baja, es difícil determinar el pronóstico de esta anomalía coronaria.

Abstract: In the literature, few cases of absence of the coronary artery have been reported. In addition, the absence of the right coronary artery (RCA) with chronic total occlusion (CTO) of the left coronary artery is uncommon. We present the case of a Mexican patient with a history of exercise-induced chest pain in which a congenital absence of RCA with CTO was confirmed by coronary angiography. The patient was discharged symptom-free and remained so after conservative treatment. The absence of coronary arteries results from abnormal embryonic development, with various clinical manifestations; most patients show symptoms of myocardial ischemia. This case illustrates the importance of coronary angiography for diagnosis, which is considered the gold standard. However, there are no standardized treatment guidelines; conservative or revascularization therapy may be used to treat the condition. Due to its extremely low incidence, it is challenging to determine the prognosis of this coronary anomaly.

Resumen OBJETIVOS: Describir y comparar la influencia de la edad materna en los desenlaces maternos y perinatales. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio observacional, retrospectivo y unicéntrico en el que se reunieron todos los partos ocurridos en el año 2020 en un hospital español. La edad de la mujer se categorizó en tres tramos (1: menores de 35 años; 2: más o menos mayores de 35 años y menores de 40 años; 3: mayores de 40 años). RESULTADOS: Se reunió una población de estudio de 1700 mujeres y encontró una clara correlación entre la edad materna avanzada y el riesgo de cesárea y una tendencia no significativa hacia una mayor cantidad de partos instrumentados. La edad materna avanzada es un factor de riesgo de sufrir distintas enfermedades relacionadas con el embarazo y con malos desenlaces perinatales. Puesto que la tendencia actual marca un aumento de este tipo de embarazos es indispensable conocer los riesgos obstétricos a fin de informar y asesorar correctamente a las embarazadas y llevar a cabo las actuaciones pertinentes que eviten las complicaciones más frecuentes. CONCLUSIONES: Existe mayor tasa de cesárea en embarazos en edad avanzada después de ajustar los factores de confusión. Los desenlaces fetales no se ven afectados por la edad materna ni con otros eventos perinatales.

Abstract OBJETIVE: To describe and compare the influence of maternal age on maternal and perinatal outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Observational, retrospective, single-center, retrospective study in which all deliveries that occurred in the year 2020 in a Spanish hospital were collected. The age of the women was categorized into three groups (1: under 35 years; 2: more or less older than 35 years and younger than 40 years; 3: older than 40 years). RESULTS: A study population of 1700 women was assembled and found a clear correlation between advanced maternal age and risk of cesarean section and a nonsignificant trend toward a higher number of instrumented deliveries. Advanced maternal age is a risk factor for various pregnancy-related diseases and poor perinatal outcomes. Since the current trend shows an increase in this type of pregnancies, it is essential to know the obstetric risks in order to correctly inform and advise pregnant women and to carry out the pertinent actions to avoid the most frequent complications. CONCLUSIONS: There is a higher rate of caesarean section in advanced age pregnancies after the confounding factors were adjusted. Fetal outcomes are not affected by maternal age, as well as other perinatal events.

Abstract Introduction: There are few publications on the application of prognostic scales to predict the use of invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) in SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia. Therefore, the study’s objective was to evaluate the performance of PSI/PORT and SOFA in predicting the use of IMV in patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia. Material and methods: A retrospective study that included hospitalized patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia from April 01, 2020, to May 31, 2020. Analysis of ROC curves was performed, calculating the area under the curve for PSI/PORT and SOFA scores, as well as sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values. Results: 151 patients were included, aged 52 years (IQR 45-64); 69.5% were men. Of the total, 102 patients required IMV (67.5%). Area under the curve to predict IMV were: SOFA 0.71 (95% CI 0.64-0.78) and PSI/PORT 0.78 (95% CI 0.71-0.85). When comparing them, there was no statistical significance (p = 0.08). Conclusions: In patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection, SOFA and PSI/PORT may underestimate the need for IMV. In our study, SOFA and PSI/PORT score performed fair in predicting IMV use in hospitalized patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia.

Resumo Introdução: Existem poucas publicações sobre a aplicação de escalas prognósticas para prever o uso de ventilação mecânica invasiva (VMI) na pneumonia por SARS-CoV-2. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o desempenho do PSI/PORT e SOFA para prever o uso de IMV em pacientes com pneumonia por SARS-CoV-2. Material e métodos: Estudo retrospectivo que incluiu pacientes internados com pneumonia por SARS-CoV-2 entre 1o de abril de 2020 e 31 de maio de 2020. Foi realizada análise da curva ROC, calculando a área sob a curva PSI/PORT e SOFA, bem como a sensibilidade, especificidade e valores preditivos. Resultados: Foram incluídos 151 pacientes, com idade de 52 anos (IQR 45-64); 69.5% eram homens. Do total, 102 pacientes necessitaram de VMI (67.5%). As áreas sob as curvas ROC para predizer VMI foram: SOFA 0.71 (IC 95% 0.64-0.78) e PSI/PORT 0.78 (IC 95% 0.71-0.85). Ao compará-los, não houve significância estatística (p = 0.08). Conclusões: SOFA e PSI/PORT podem subestimar a necessidade de VMI na pneumonia por SARS-CoV-2. Em nosso estudo, SOFA e PSI/PORT não tiveram bom desempenho na previsão do uso de VMI em pacientes hospitalizados com pneumonia por SARS-CoV-2.

Resumen Introducción: Son escasas las publicaciones sobre aplicación de escalas pronósticas para predecir el uso de ventilación mecánica invasiva (VMI) en neumonía por SARS-CoV-2. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el desempeño de las escalas PSI/PORT y SOFA para predecir el uso de VMI en pacientes con neumonía por SARS-CoV-2. Material y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo que incluyó pacientes hospitalizados con neumonía por SARS-CoV-2 del 01 de abril al 31 de mayo de 2020. Se realizó análisis de curvas ROC, calculando el área bajo la curva de las escalas PSI/PORT y SOFA, así como sensibilidad, especificidad y valores predictivos. Resultados: Se incluyó a 151 pacientes, con edad de 52 años (IQR 45-64); 69.5% eran hombres. Del total, 102 pacientes necesitaron VMI (67.5%). Las áreas bajo las curvas ROC para predecir VMI fueron: SOFA 0.71 (IC 95% 0.64-0.78) y PSI/PORT 0.78 (IC 95% 0.71-0.85). Al compararlas, no hubo significancia estadística (p = 0.08). Conclusiones: Las escalas SOFA y PSI/PORT pueden infraestimar la necesidad de VMI en la neumonía por SARS-CoV-2. En nuestro estudio, SOFA y PSI/PORT no tuvieron un buen desempeño para predecir el uso de VMI en pacientes hospitalizados con neumonía por SARS-CoV-2.

Abstract: Although SARS-CoV-2 infection is known to be an important cause of lung disease, multiple extrapulmonary manifestations associated with COVID-19 have been observed. There are reports of thyrotoxicosis secondary to COVID-19 in the literature, but cases of decompensated hypothyroidism due to COVID-19 are rare. We report the case of a 37-year-old female patient with obesity who presented myxedema coma associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. The pro-inflammatory state secondary to obesity, direct damage to the thyroid gland by SARS-CoV-2, and the elevation of inflammatory mediators in the blood observed during viral infection could be mechanisms that trigger myxedema coma. In patients with severe COVID-19, the intentional search for signs of myxedema coma and its confirmation with a thyroid profile at hospital admission is important.

Resumen: Aunque se sabe que la infección por SARS-CoV-2 es una causa importante de enfermedad pulmonar, se han observado múltiples manifestaciones extrapulmonares asociadas a COVID-19. Existen en la literatura reportes de tirotoxicosis secundarios a COVID-19, pero los casos de hipotiroidismo descompensado por COVID-19 son escasos. Reportamos el caso de una paciente de 37 años con obesidad que presentó coma mixedematoso asociado a infección por SARS-CoV-2. El estado proinflamatorio secundario a obesidad, el daño directo a la glándula tiroidea por SARS-CoV-2 y la elevación de mediadores inflamatorios en sangre observados durante la infección viral podrían ser mecanismos que desencadenen el coma mixedematoso. En pacientes con COVID-19 severo es importante la búsqueda intencionada de signos de coma mixedematoso y su confirmación con un perfil tiroideo al ingreso hospitalario.

Resumo: Embora a infecção por SARS-CoV-2 seja conhecida por ser uma causa importante de doença pulmonar, foram observadas várias manifestações extrapulmonares associadas ao COVID-19. Há relatos na literatura de tireotoxicose secundária à COVID-19, mas os casos de hipotireoidismo descompensado por COVID-19 são raros. Relatamos o caso de um paciente de 37 anos com obesidade que apresentou coma mixedematoso associado à infecção por SARS-CoV-2. O estado pró-inflamatório secundário à obesidade, o dano direto à glândula tireoide pelo SARS-CoV-2 e a elevação de mediadores inflamatórios no sangue observados durante a infecção viral podem ser mecanismos que desencadeiam o coma mixedematoso. Em pacientes com COVID-19 grave, é importante a busca intencional de sinais de coma mixedematoso e sua confirmação com perfil tireoidiano na admissão hospitalar.

RESUMEN Este artículo analiza cómo seis docentes fiscales ecuatorianas implementan los currículos para la emergencia. Se adopta una perspectiva teórica que conceptualiza a los educadores como Funcionarios Públicos del Nivel Operativo. Estos ejercen discrecionalidad, componente clave para comprender la implementación de una política pública. Se realizó un estudio de caso múltiple con seis docentes del régimen Costa. Se aplicaron entrevistas, encuestas, y observaciones en grupos de WhatsApp de las docentes. Los hallazgos muestran que las docentes reciben presión para evitar la deserción estudiantil. Esto las motiva a adaptar sus prácticas educativas, con base en caracterizaciones sobre los estudiantes, padres de familia y sus preferencias profesionales. Se identifican seis prácticas adaptativas, que responden a sus condiciones de trabajo.

ABSTRACT This article analyzes how six public school teachers implement Ecuador's emergency curriculums. The study employs a theoretical perspective that portrays teachers as Street-level Bureaucrats. They exercise discretion, a key component to understand a policy's implementation. A multiple case study was conducted with six school teachers from the Coast Region. Interviews, surveys, and non-participant observations in WhatsApp groups were used as data collection techniques. Findings reveal that teachers receive constant pressure to avoid students' dropouts. This goal motivates teachers to adapt their educational practices. Two criteria that teachers use to adapt their practices are (a) characterizations of students and parents; and (b) their professional preferences. Six adaptative practices were identified, which respond to their work conditions.

ABSTRACT The Mondaca Volcano comprises a thick rhyolitic lava-field and a dome of similar composition, located near the Lontué River Valley headwaters in the northern part of the Southern Andes Volcanic Zone. It reaches a total volume of ~0.85 km3, and it is formed by 4 subunits, named Mondaca 1, 2, 3 and 4, which correspond to successive rhyolitic blocky lava flows, emitted from a rounded dome structure. They present well-preserved flow structures and, in the surroundings, restricted to the south and east of the dome, pyroclastic fall, as well as block and ash deposits are also exhibited. Downstream, along the Lontué River, a laharic deposit is recognized. The lahar was produced after the collapse of an ephemeral ~0.44 km3 lake generated after the river obstruction by viscous lavas, during the 1762 first eruptive phase. Proximal lahar facies are well exposed between 5 and 30 km from their source. The profuse agricultural activity has completely obliterated the lahar’s medium facies deposits along the Central Depression, but are well identified at the mouth of the Mataquito River, 180 km downstream, as a beige-coloured layer, interbedded within dark coastal beach-sands. The identification of overflows and super-elevation deposits formed during the debris flow emplacement along the Lontué River valley, allows to determine a high flow mobility, with estimated velocities that locally reached up to 114 km/h. Petrographic characteristics in addition to chemical composition of lavas from the volcano, pyroclasts and juvenile blocks of the laharic deposit, indicate that all they correspond to high K calcoalkaline rhyolites with subalkaline affinity. These backgrounds, together with the geographical continuity between the lavas and debris deposits along the Lontué and Mataquito rivers, verify facies correlation and common origin as the result of the 1762 Mondaca Volcano eruption complex evolution. Although it was a mainly effusive eruption that could not be observed from Curicó, the collateral consequences would have been catastrophic over a vast area to the south of that city, and evidences one of the largest volcanic disasters in Chilean history. Probably because of the low density polulation at that time, the consequences could have been minor.

RESUMEN El volcán Mondaca está constituido por un campo de gruesas lavas riolíticas y un domo, emplazado en las inmediaciones de las nacientes del valle del río Lontué, en la parte norte de los Andes del Sur. Alcanza un volumen total de ~0,85 km3, y está conformado por 4 subunidades, denominadas Mondaca 1, 2, 3 y 4, que corresponden a emisiones sucesivas de lava riolítica de bloques, cuya fuente es un domo redondeado. Presentan estructuras de flujo bien preservadas y, en las proximidades, al sur y al este del domo, se observan depósitos piroclásticos de caída y de flujos piroclásticos de bloques y cenizas, con escasa extensión areal. Aguas abajo, a lo largo del río Lontué, se reconoce un depósito lahárico generado por la obstrucción del río y el subsecuente colapso del lago efímero de ~0,44 km3 ahí formado el año 1762, durante las primeras fases eruptivas del volcán Mondaca. Las facies proximales del lahar se encuentran bien expuestas y son reconocibles entre los 5 y 30 km desde su fuente. El profuso desarrollo agrícola ha obliterado completamente los depósitos de facies medias del lahar, cuyas facies distales se identifican en la desembocadura del río Mataquito, 180 km aguas abajo, como una capa de color bayo, intercalada en arenas costeras oscuras. El desarrollo de zonas peraltadas durante su emplazamiento a lo largo del valle del río Lontué permite deducir una alta movilidad del flujo, con velocidades estimadas que, localmente, alcanzaron 114 km/h. Las características petrográficas y la composición química tanto de las lavas del volcán como de los piroclastos y bloques juveniles del depósito lahárico indican que corresponden a riolitas calcoalcalinas de alto K de afinidad subalcalina. Estos antecedentes, junto con la continuidad geográfica entre las facies de lavas y los depósitos de detritos a lo largo de los ríos Lontué y Mataquito, corroboran la correlación y origen como el resultado de la compleja evolución del volcán Mondaca, durante la erupción de 1762. Aunque fue una erupción fundamentalmente efusiva que no pudo ser apreciada desde Curicó, sus consecuencias colaterales afectaron una vasta zona de la depresión Central al sur de Curicó, lo que la califica como uno de los mayores desastres volcánicos en la historia de Chile. Probablemente, debido a la baja densidad poblacional en esa época, las consecuencias de esa erupción fueron menores.

Resumen Este documento tiene por objeto analizar si la conectividad del trabajo en red, así como su forma de gobernanza, contribuye positiva o negativamente con el desempeño de las cadenas de suministro. Partiendo de la noción de que su desempeño dependerá de las destrezas que, a su interior se desarrollen para dar respuesta a situaciones de incertidumbre propias de un mercado globalizado. Es decir; se deberán adelantar estrategias y alianzas, acompañadas de una adecuada forma de gobernanza, para mejorar su rendimiento financiero y participación en el mercado. Para lograr el propósito, se delimito la búsqueda a artículos en idioma inglés, en las bases de datos, ScienceDirect, JSTOR, Proques y Emerald Journals, que tuviesen como objetivo analizar los resultados a partir de la integración de cadenas de suministro. Se seleccionaron dos artículos, que fueron sometidos a una rigurosa revisión sistemática a partir de un análisis estructurado del contenido. La investigación muestra que, al adoptar nuevas iniciativas y configuraciones de red, se logran mejorares rendimientos. Adicionalmente, y de forma teórica, se ha demostrado que la integración de la cadena de suministro genera ventajas competitivas; sin embargo, existen vacíos en la disciplina que permitan contribuir con estrategias que generan mayor rendimiento.

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to analyze whether the connectivity of networking, as well as its form of governance, contributes positively or negatively to the performance of supply chains. It is based on the notion that their performance will depend on the skills that are developed within them to respond to situations of uncertainty typical of a globalized market. In other words, strategies and alliances must be developed, accompanied by an appropriate form of governance, in order to improve financial performance and market participation. To achieve this purpose, the search was limited to English-language articles in the databases, ScienceDirect, JSTOR, Proques and Emerald Journals, whose objective was to analyze the results from the integration of supply chains. Two articles were selected and subjected to rigorous systematic review based on structured content analysis. The research shows that by adopting new initiatives and network configurations, higher yields are achieved. Additionally and theoretically it has been demonstrated that the integration of the supply chain generates competitive advantages; however, there are gaps in the discipline that allow contributing with strategies that generate greater performance.

Resumo O objetivo deste documento é analisar se a conectividade de rede, bem como sua forma de governança, contribui positivamente ou negativamente para o desempenho das cadeias de suprimentos. Partindo da noção de que seu desempenho dependerá das habilidades que, dentro deles, são desenvolvidas para responder a situações de incerteza típicas de um mercado globalizado. Ou seja, estratégias e alianças devem ser avançadas, acompanhadas de uma forma adequada de governança, a fim de melhorar seu desempenho financeiro e participação no mercado. Para atingir o objetivo, a busca limitou-se aos artigos em língua inglesa, nas bases de dados, ScienceDirect, JSTOR, Proques e Emerald Journals, que objetivaram analisar os resultados da integração das cadeias de suprimentos. Dois artigos foram selecionados, os quais foram submetidos a uma rigorosa revisão sistemática com base em uma análise estruturada do conteúdo. A pesquisa mostra que, ao adotar novas iniciativas e configurações de rede, melhor desempenho é alcançado. Adicionalmente, e teoricamente, foi demonstrado que a integração da cadeia de suprimentos gera vantagens competitivas; No entanto, existem lacunas na disciplina que permitem contribuir com estratégias que geram maior desempenho.

Abstract This paper presents a synthesis of a spherical parallel manipulator for a shoulder of a seven-degrees-of-freedom prosthetic human arm using a multi-objective optimization. Three design objectives are considered, namely the workspace, the dexterity, and the actuators torques. The parallel manipulator is modelled considering 13 design parameters in an optimization procedure. Due to the non-linearity of the design problem, genetic algorithms are implemented. The outcomes show that a suitable performance of the manipulator is achieved using the proposed optimization.

ABSTRACT: The banana weevil Cosmopolites sordidus is an important pest in plantain and banana crops throughout the world. The objective was to evaluate a mass trapping system based on traps baited with synthetic pheromone (sordidin) + plantain corm tissue to reduce C. sordidus populations and damage in the Centro-Chontalpa region of Tabasco state, Mexico. The experiment was carried out on plots of about two to three hectares of Horn plantain Musa AAB infested by C. sordidus. Treatments were four traps ha-1, eight traps ha-1 and a control (without traps). Population density and damage in corms of small plants (suckers) were reduced after six months of mass trapping, while damage in corms of mature plants (freshly harvested) only decreased significantly after 13 months of trapping. By doubling the number of traps, the reduction in the C. sordidus population and damage was not significant. The use of four traps ha-1 baited with synthetic pheromone + plantain corm is a technically feasible strategy that provides at least partial control of this pest under local Horn plantain production conditions.

RESUMEN: El picudo del plátano Cosmopolites sordidus es una plaga importante en los cultivos de plátano y banano en el mundo. El objetivo fue evaluar un sistema de captura masiva basado en trampas cebadas con feromona sintética (sordidin) + tejidos de cormo de plátano para reducir las poblaciones y daños de esta plaga en la región Centro-Chontalpa del estado de Tabasco, México. El experimento se llevó acabo en parcelas de dos a tres hectáreas de plátano Macho Musa AAB Plantain infestadas de C. sordidus. Los tratamientos fueron cuatro trampas ha-1, ocho trampas ha-1 y un testigo (sin trampas). La densidad poblacional y el daño en cormos de plantas pequeñas (retoños) se redujeron después de seis meses de captura masiva, mientras que el daño en cormos de plantas maduras (recién cosechadas) solo disminuyó de forma significativa a los 13 meses de captura. Al duplicar el número de trampas, la reducción poblacional y los daños de C. sordidus no fue significativa. El uso de cuatro trampas ha-1 cebadas con feromona sintética + cormo de plátano es una estrategia técnicamente factible que proporciona al menos un control parcial de esta plaga, bajo las condiciones locales de producción de plátano macho.

RESUMO: A vacinação contra febre aftosa é ferramenta eficaz para erradicação e prevenção da doença, contudo, a presença de proteínas não capsidais (PNC) na vacina, produzidas durante a multiplicação viral, tem sido o principal problema, visto que sua presença dificulta as ações de vigilância, cuja busca se baseia na detecção de anticorpos contra essas proteínas para diferenciar animal vacinado de infectado. Por esse motivo, o Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento publicou em 2008 a Instrução Normativa nº 50 (IN 50), que incluiu no controle da qualidade da vacina a pesquisa de anticorpos contra as PNC, para avaliar a retirada dessas proteínas. Considerando a interferência vacinal, objetivou-se avaliar a frequência de bovinos reagentes às PNC, analisada pelo sistema I-ELISA 3ABC/EITB, no Laboratório de Viroses de Bovídeos do Instituto Biológico de São Paulo, no período de 2002 a 2012. Dos 34.705 bovinos examinados, observou-se que a proporção de reagentes às PNC aumentou com a idade, evidenciando aumento da frequência de reagentes em animais que receberam maior número de vacinações, indicando interferência da vacinação na resposta às proteínas. Quando comparados antes e após a publicação da IN 50, observa-se diminuição da reatividade, com redução, em 2010, de quase a metade em relação a 2007, e ainda maior quando comparado com o período 2002 a 2006. Isso demonstra a efetividade da purificação da vacina em resposta ao cumprimento da IN 50, embora permaneça alguma sororreatividade em bovinos com múltiplas vacinações. O sistema I-ELISA 3ABC/EITB demonstrou ser uma ótima ferramenta para impedir a movimentação de possíveis portadores do vírus oriundos de rebanhos vacinados, desde que seja considerado todo o contexto sanitário e epidemiológico.

ABSTRACT: Vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease is an effective tool for eradication and prevention of this disease. However, the presence of non-capsidal proteins (NCP) in the vaccine, produced during viral replication, has been the main problem, since their presence hamper the vigilance as its relies on the detection of antibodies against NCP to differentiate vaccinated from infected animals. Therefore, the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply published the Normative Instruction 50 (IN 50) that included the detection of antibodies against the NCP to evaluate the removal of these proteins. Considering the vaccine interference, this paper aimed to evaluate the frequency of reagents to NCP, analyzed by I-ELISA 3ABC/EITB system in the Laboratory of Bovine Viruses (LVB), Biological Institute (IB), São Paulo, SP, Brazil, from 2002 to 2012. Of the 34,705 cattle examined, it was observed that the proportion of reagents to NCP increased with age, indicating increased frequency of reagents in animals that received more vaccines, showing interference of proteins in response to vaccination. When compared before and after the publication of IN 50, there was decreased reactivity, with reduction in 2010, of nearly half compared to 2007, and even higher when compared with 2002 to 2006. This shows the effectiveness of the purification of the vaccine in response to the implementation of IN 50, although it remains some seroreactivity in cattle with multiple vaccinations. The I-ELISA 3ABC/EITB system proved to be a great tool to prevent the movement of possible carriers of the virus derived from vaccinated herds, provided that all sanitary and epidemiological context are taken in consideration.

Aedes albopictus (Skuse, 1894), vector responsable de la transmisión del dengue y otros virus es por primera vez reportado en las localidades de Voladero del estado Monagas al oriente del país y en las localidades 5 de Julio y Banco Obrero en el estado Guárico. Se realizaron colectas de adultos posándose sobre humanos y fases inmaduras en un recipiente plástico y en plantas de la familia Araceae con abundante materia orgánica, en el solar de una vivienda. Este reporte nos alerta para extremar la vigilancia entomológica a nivel nacional, determinar la distribución del vector en el país y diseñar estrategias de control.

Aedes albopictus (Skuse, 1894), vector responsible for the transmission of dengue and other viruses, is first recorded in the locality of Voladero, Monagas state, east of the country and in the towns July 5 and Banco Obrero, in the state Guárico. Collections were performed for adult human landing and for immature stages in a plastic container and in plants of the family Araceae with abundant organic matter, on the back yard of a house. This report alerts us to exercise extreme national entomological surveillance to determine the vector distribution in the country and control strategies.